What is the optimal task difficulty for reinforcement learning of brain self-regulation?

Neurofeedback and brain-interface technology are being increasingly applied in fields of research aiming to restore upper-limb functionality in stroke survivors. Greater gains are currently being achieved by subacute (Pichiorri et al. 2015) than by chronic patients (Ang et al. 2014). On the basis of the neurophysiological correlates of motor imagery (Kaiser et al. 2011) and motor cortex excitability (Takemi et al. 2013; Kraus et al. 2016a), such as modulation of β-power (15-30 Hz), these devices may provide an effective backdoor to the motor system (Sharma 2006; Bauer et al.

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