microRNA-21 and microRNA-375 from oral cytology as biomarkers for oral tongue cancer detection

Head and neck/oral cancer (HNOC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world [1]. Over 90% of HNOC cases are squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), malignancies arising from the epithelia lining of the upper aerodigestive tract. Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is one of the most aggressive form of HNOCs, which exhibits a propensity for rapid local invasion and spread [2], and shows a distinct nodal metastasis pattern [3,4]. OTSCC patients also suffer from a high recurrence rate [5]. Despite the improvements in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy over the last decade, the prognosis for OTSCC patients has only improved slightly because OTSCCs are frequently discovered late in their development.

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