Pesticide-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) seedlings

Abstract

Excessive use of pesticides can adversely affect the growth of non-target host plants in different ways. Pesticide-induced stress can affect non-target plants through elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for detrimental effects on cell metabolism, biochemical and other physiological activities. In response to oxidative stress, plant activates antioxidant defense system consisting of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components. In the present investigation, three commonly used pesticides, emamectin benzoate, alpha-cypermethrin and imidacloprid, were assessed for causing oxidative stress in tomato. The oxidative damage induced by these pesticides at five different concentrations i.e. 1/4X, 1/2X, recommended application dose (X), 2X and 4X in the root and shoot tissues of tomato plant/seedlings were evaluated. Following pesticide exposure for 35 days, cell viability, cell injury, total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were measured. Antioxidant activities were estimated by measuring activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and proline. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were analysed as ROS, lipid peroxidation was measured in term of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as membrane damage caused by ROS was also assessed. Analysis of the data revealed that pesticides application at higher concentrations significantly elevated ROS levels and caused membrane damage by the formation of TBARS, increased cell injury and reduced cell viability both in root and shoot tissues compared with non-treated plants. Moreover, a gradual decrease in the levels of TSS and TSP was observed in plants subjected to increasing doses of pesticides. To cope with pesticide-induced oxidative stress, a significant increase in levels of antioxidants was observed in the plants exposed to higher doses of pesticides. Shoot tissues responded more drastically by producing higher levels of antioxidants as compared to root tissues indicating the direct exposure of shoots to foliar application of pesticides. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that the application of pesticides above the recommended dose can provoke the state of oxidative stress and can cause oxidative damages in non-target host plants.

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Systematic review of ototoxic pre-surgical antiseptic preparations – what is the evidence?

There is uncertainty regarding the safety of surgical antiseptic preparations in the ear. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess the evidence regarding ototoxicity of surgical antiseptic...

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Systematic review of ototoxic pre-surgical antiseptic preparations – what is the evidence?

There is uncertainty regarding the safety of surgical antiseptic preparations in the ear. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess the evidence regarding ototoxicity of surgical antiseptic...

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Sutureless approach with vein grafts and mesenchymal stem cells in primary nerve repair: Functional and immunohistological results

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to define a sutureless peripheral nerve repair technique with a vein graft and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) and compare it to epineural repair.

Materials and methods

Thirty Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups evenly. In the control group (C), epineural repair was performed. In the SV (suture + vein) and MSV (BMSC + suture + vein) groups, epineural repair was wrapped with a vein graft. In the V (vein) and MV (vein + BMSC) groups, sutureless repair using a vein graft was performed by taking sutures away from the regeneration site. Rats were evaluated with pinprick, toe spread tests and sciatic nerve index (SFI) at 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. They were sacrificed at 12th week, repair sites were harvested and evaluated immunohistochemically.

Results

There was no difference in pinprick and toe spread tests between the groups at 12th week. The mean SFI was −76.5 ± 3.7, −65.2 ± 11.7, −46.2 ± 19.4, −68.8 ± 9.8, −56 ± 8.8 in the C, SV, MSV, V, MV groups, respectively. The MSV group showed significantly the best SFI results (P < .05). NF-H immunostaining scores were as C; 1 ± 0.18, SV; 2.5 ± 0.36, MSV; 4 ± 0.49, V; 1.56 ± 0.54, MV; 3 ± 0.39, whereas GAP-43 scores were as C; 1 ± 0.31, SV; 2.66 ± 0.56, MSV; 4.50 ± 0.23, V; 2 ± 0.23, MV; 3 ± 0.6. The best nerve regeneration according to immunostaining results was observed in the MSV group (P < .05). The mean fibrosis area was 221.5 ± 25.9, 101.6 ± 7.1, 121.3 ± 18.8, 150.3 ± 12.1, 152.4 ± 11.8 μm² in the above groups, respectively. SV and MSV groups showed the significantly less fibrosis area (P < .05).

Conclusion

Epineural suture repair combined with vein wrapping and BMSCs (MSV) showed the best SFI, GAP-43, and NF-H immunostaining results.

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Orbital Hobnail Hemangioma

A 64-year-old woman presented with a 1 year history of progressive left proptosis and "blurry vision." Imaging studies revealed a left superior orbital mass distorting the optic nerve and superior rectus muscle. Excisional biopsy established the diagnosis of hobnail hemangioma. This report describes the first case of an orbital hobnail hemangioma, a lesion that more commonly presents in the dermis. Accepted for publication January 29, 2018. The authors have no financial or conflicts of interest to disclose. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Paul D. Langer, M.D., F.A.C.S., Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Doctors Office Center, Suite 6100, P.O. Box 1709, Newark, NJ 07101-1709. E-mail: planger@njms.rutgers.edu © 2018 by The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc., All rights reserved.

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Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Lacrimal Sac in an 11-Year-Old Male

Fibrous histiocytoma is a soft tissue tumor with cells resembling both fibroblasts and histiocytes. Occasionally in the orbit, they rarely arise in the lacrimal sac. Similar to prior cases described, the patient presented with symptoms of epiphora and a slowly enlarging mass inferior to the right medial canthus. Imaging demonstrated a circumscribed 1.2 cm × 1.1 cm × 1.1 cm mass within the lacrimal sac without surrounding bony destruction. Grossly, the tumor appeared homogenous and rubbery. Pathologic study results from the case demonstrated zones of hypercellularity and hypocellularity with a fibrous appearance, admixed with spindle cells and collections of foamy histiocytes. A diagnosis of benign fibrous histiocytoma was rendered, with the patient experiencing a complete resolution of symptoms at subsequent follow up. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported solitary case report of a fibrous histiocytoma of the lacrimal sac in a pediatric patient. Accepted for publication January 5, 2018. The authors have no financial or conflict of interest to disclose. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Joseph A. Santamaria, M.D., San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234. E-mail: joesantam3@gmail.com © 2018 by The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc., All rights reserved.

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Are oral mucosal nevi potential precursors for oral mucosal melanoma?

Publication date: Available online 28 February 2018
Source:Oral Oncology
Author(s): A. Thirumal Raj, Shankargouda Patil, Chandini Rajkumar




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